toki Osan
| toki Osan
台山话/台山話/臺山話 | |
|---|---|
| ma | ma Sonko
ma ante pi jan Osan |
| kulupu toki | Sonko Po |
| nasin sitelen | sitelen Sonko |
| nanpa toki | |
| Glottolog | tois1237 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-mbc |
toki Osan anu toki Tasan anu toki Tosan (toki Sonko la: 台山话/台山話/臺山話), li toki pi kulupu toki Ju tan ma Osan pi ma Konton.
toki Osan en toki Konton li jo e mama sama. taso, toki Osan en toki Konton la linja toki pi ken sona li lili. toki Konton li mama ala pi toki Osan. jan li toki e toki Osan lon ma Sije pi ma Konton. tenpo sin pi tenpo sike ale nanpa 19 en tenpo majuna pi tenpo sike ale nanpa 20 la jan pi ma Sije (ma Osan li lon ma Sije) li tawa ma Nosamelika li jan mute nanpa wan pi ma Sonko lon ma Nosamelika.[1] ni la tenpo tawa pi meso pi tenpo sike ale nanpa 20 la toki Osan li toki nanpa wan pi kulupu toki Sonko lon ma tomo lili pi jan Sonko lon ma Kanata lon ma Mewika. tenpo tawa la toki Osan li toki linja pi jan pi ma Sonko lon ma ante lon ma Mewika.[2]
kalama
[o ante | o ante e toki ilo]kalama open
[o ante | o ante e toki ilo]| uta | nena uta | sewi kiwen | sewi ko | lupa uta | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kalama suli | kalama lili | kalama suli | ||||||
| nena | m1 | n1 | ŋ1 | |||||
| pini | monsi nena | ᵐb1 | ⁿd1 | ᵑɡ1 | ||||
| pana kon ala | p | t | t͡s2 | t͡ɕ2 | k | ʔ | ||
| pana kon | pʰ | tʰ | t͡sʰ2 | t͡ɕʰ2 | kʰ | |||
| kon tawa | wawa ala | f | ɬ | s2 | ɕ2 | h | ||
| wawa | v | ʒ3 | ||||||
| kon poka | l | j3,4 | w5 | |||||
- /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ li kalama pi ken sama tawa /ᵐb/, /ⁿd/, /ᵑɡ/. /ŋ/ li ken open kalama li ken pini kalama. mute la /ŋ/ li kama nena ala, sama 耳 /ŋi/ [ŋɡi] 'kute', 飲/饮 /ŋim/ [ŋɡim] 'moku telo'，魚 /ŋuy/ [ŋɡui] 'kala', 月 /ŋut/ [ŋɡut] 'mun'. nimi sama 牙 /ŋa/ 'kiwen uta', 我 /ŋoy/ 'mi' la, kama nena ala li sama lon ala. sinpin kalama [o] la, /ŋ/ li kama uta lupa. o lukin: 東 /uŋ/ 'open suno', 紅 /huŋ/ 'loje'.
- kalama lili nanpa wan li sewi (/i/, /u/) la, /t͡ɕ/, /t͡ɕʰ/, /ɕ/ li kalama pi ken sama tawa /t͡s/, /t͡sʰ/, /s/.
- /j/ li kalama pi ken sama tawa /ʒ/.
- /i/ li kalama meso la /j/ li ken.
- /u/ li kalama meso la /w/ li ken.
kalama lili
[o ante | o ante e toki ilo]| sinpin | meso | monsi | |
|---|---|---|---|
| sewi | /i/1 | /u/2 | |
| insa sewi | /e/ | /ə/3 | |
| insa anpa | /ɛ/ | /ɔ/ | |
| anpa | /a/ |
- /i/ li lili la ona li ken [j].
- /u/ li lili la ona li ken [w].
- /ə/ li ken kepeken uta lupa.
kalama pini
[o ante | o ante e toki ilo]| open | -a- | -e- | -ɵ~ə- | -i- | -u- | -∅- | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| insa | ∅- | i- | u- | ∅- | ∅ | ∅- | ∅- | ∅- | |
| pini | -∅ | [a] | [iɛ] | [uɔ] | [i] | [u] | |||
| -i | [ai] | [uɔi] | [ei] | [ui] | |||||
| -u | [au] | [iau] | [eu] | [iu] | |||||
| -m | [am] | [iam] | [em] | [im] | [m] | ||||
| -n | [an] | [uɔn] | [en] | [in] | [un] | ||||
| -ŋ | [aŋ] | [iaŋ] | [ɔŋ] | [ɵŋ] ~ [əŋ] | |||||
| -p | [ap] | [iap] | [ep] | [ip] | |||||
| -t | [at] | [uɔt] | [et] | [ɵt] ~ [ət] | [it] | [ut] | |||
| -k | [ak] | [iak] | [ɔk] | [ɵk] ~ [ək] | |||||
kalama pi pana kon
[o ante | o ante e toki ilo]| kalama pi pana kon | nasin pi kalama pi pana kon[3] | lukin | kalama ante pi pana kon | nanpa Chao | nanpa Jyutping pi kalama pi pana kon |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sewi (yin shang) | ˥ (55) | hau˥ 口 (uta) | (ala) | - | 2 |
| meso (yin ping) | ˧ (33) | hau˧ 偷 (lanpan) | meso, tawa sewi | ˧˥ (35) | 1 |
| anpa (yang ping) | ˨ or ˩ (22 or 11) | hau˨ 頭 (lawa) | anpa, tawa sewi | ˨˥ (25) | 4 |
| meso, tawa anpa | ˧˩ (31) | hau˧˩ 皓 (suno) | meso, tawa anpa, tawa sewi | ˧˨˥ (325) | 6 |
| anpa, tawa anpa (yang shang) | ˨˩ (21) | hau˨˩ 厚 (suli ko) | anpa, tawa anpa, tawa sewi | ˨˩˥ (215) | 5 |
| nimi pi kalama pi pana kon | ante ala píng 平 |
tawa sewi shǎng 上 |
tawa qù 去 |
kama rù 入 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sewi yīn 陰 |
高 | ˧ (33) | ˥ (55) | ˧ (33) | ˥ (5) |
| 低 | ˧ (3) | ||||
| anpa yáng 陽 |
高 | ˨ anu ˩ (22 anu 11) | ˨˩ (21) | ˧˨ anu ˧˩ (32 anu 31) | ˧˨ anu ˧˩ (32 anu 31) |
| 低 | ˨˩ (21) | ||||
tan sona
[o ante | o ante e toki ilo]- ↑ Peter Kwong and Dusanka Miscevic (toki Inli) li toki e ni lon kulupu Sonko pi ma Mewika: kulupu sin majuna ni la jan li toki ala e ni (toki Inli la: Chinese America: the untold story of America's oldest new community (978-1-56584-962-4)) tan kulupu pana sin (toki Inli la: The New Press).
- ↑ Yang, Fenggang (toki Inli) li toki e ni lon kipisi #39 lon jan pi nasin sewi Jejusa lon ma Mewika: jan li ante e nasin jan; nasin jan li awen lon jan (toki Inli la: Chinese Christians in America: Conversion, Assimilation, and Adhesive Identities).
- ↑ lipu mute la jan li kepeken nanpa e kule kalama anpa sewi(?) kepeken nasin pi jan Sa Juwen Wen(?). mu ale la nanpa tu li lon. nanpa open li toki e kule kalama open. nanpa pini li toki kule e kalama pini. jan Sen (toki Sonko la: Cheng) li suli e nanpa ken. nasin ona la: 1 li anpa ken nanpa wan. 7 li sewi ken nanpa wan. ni la toki ni la: sewi li 66. insa li 44. anpa li 22. taso lipu ni li kepeken nanpa pi jan Sa tan ni: nasin sitelen kalama pi ma ale li kepeken ona.